Types of writing systems of the Indus Valley Civilization and methods to help understand them clearly

Indus Valley Civilization 

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in the northwestern regions of South Asia. It is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, alongside Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

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Key Features of the Indus Valley Civilization:

Writing systems

geographical extent: spanned modern-day Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Afghanistan.

Major cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi.

Urban Planning: well-planned cities with grid layouts, advanced drainage systems, and standardized building materials. Presence of granaries, baths (e.g., the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro), and residential structures.

Economy: Based on agriculture (wheat, barley, peas, cotton), animal husbandry, and trade.

Evidence of trade with Mesopotamia and other distant regions.

Art and Culture: pottery, bead-making, metallurgy, and seals with animal motifs.

Figurines and toys reflecting artistic and cultural diversity.

Religion: Likely nature worship and fertility cults (e.g., representations of a proto-Shiva figure, mother goddess figurines).

Decline theories include climate change, river drying up (Saraswati), tectonic activity, and invasions.

1. Deciphering Seals and Inscriptions

The Indus Valley Civilization's writing system is best preserved on seals and pottery. Analyzing these artifacts provides insights into the symbols and patterns used. Researchers focus on repeated sequences and contextual placement to uncover potential meanings.

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2. Comparing with Contemporary Scripts

By studying other ancient writing systems, such as Mesopotamian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, researchers identify similarities that could reveal linguistic connections or trade influences, helping to decode the Indus script.

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3. Using Modern Technology

Advancements in AI and computational linguistics have enabled deeper analysis of Indus script patterns. Machine learning tools process thousands of symbols to identify recurring structures and possible grammatical rules.

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4. Exploring Multidisciplinary Approaches

cultural artifacts, societal structure

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Combining archaeology, linguistics, and anthropology provides a comprehensive understanding. This method includes studying cultural artifacts, societal structure, and trade networks to hypothesize how the script was used in daily life.

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